Convention on the International Regulationsfor Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 Consolidated edition, 2018 ,Sea Bridge Shipping Management Co.，Ltd.

Convention on the International Regulationsfor Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 Consolidated edition, 2018

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Convention on the International Regulationsfor Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 Consolidated edition, 2018

ARTICLE I

General Obligations

The Parties to the present Convention undertake to give effect to the Rules and otherAnnexes constituting the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972,

ARTICLE II

Signature, Ratification, Acceptance, Approval and Accession

1 The present Convention shall remain open for signature until 1 June 1973 and shallthereafter remain open for accession.

2 States Members of the United Nations, or of any of the Specialized Agencies, or theInternational Atomic Energy Agency, or Parties to the Statute of the International Courtof Justice may become Parties to this Convention by:

(a) signature without reservation, as to ratification, acceptance or approval;

(b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval followed by ratification,acceptance or approval; or

3 Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected by the deposit of aninstrument to that effect with the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative organization(hereinafter referred to as "the Organization") which shall inform the Governments ofStates that have signed or acceded to the present Convention of the deposit of eachinstrument and of the date of its deposit.

ARTICLE III

Territorial Application

1 The United Nations in cases where they are the administering authority for a territory,or any Contracting Party responsible for the international relations of a territory, may atany time by notification in writing to the Secretary-General of the Organization(hereinafter referred to as "the Secretary-General"), extend the application of thisConvention to such a territory.

2 The present Convention shall, upon the date of receipt of the notification or from suchother date as may be specified in the notification, extend to the territory named therein.

3 Any notification made in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article may be withdrawnin respect of any territory mentioned in that notification and the extension of thisConvention to that territory shall cease to apply after one year or such longer period asmay be specified at the time of the withdrawal.

4 The Secretary-General shall inform all Contracting Parties of the notification of anyextension or withdrawal of any extension communicated under this Article.

ARTICLE IV

Entry into Force

(a) The present Convention shall enter into force twelve months after the date onwhich at least 15 States, the aggregate of whose merchant fleets constitutes not lessthan 65 per cent by number or by tonnage of the world fleet of vessels of 100 grosstons and over have become Parties to it, whichever is achieved first.

(b) Notwithstanding the provisions in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph, the presentConvention shall not enter into force before 1 January 1976.

2 Entry into force for States which ratify, accept, approve or accede to this Convention inaccordance with Article II after the conditions prescribed in subparagraph 1 (a) havebeen met and before the Convention enters into force, shall be on the date of entry intoforce of the Convention.

3 Entry into force for States which ratify, accept, approve or accede after the date onwhich this Convention enters into force, shall be on the date of deposit of an instrumentin accordance with Article II. 4 After the date of entry into force of an amendment to this Convention in accordancewith paragraph

4 of Article VI, any ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shallapply to the Convention as amended.

5 On the date of entry into force of this Convention, the Regulations replace andabrogate the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1960. 6 The Secretary-General shall inform the Governments of States that have signed oracceded to this Convention of the date of its entry into force.

ARTICLE V

Revision Conference

1 A Conference for the purpose of revising this Convention or the Regulations or bothmay be convened by the Organization.

2 The Organization shall convene a Conference of Contracting Parties for the purpose ofrevising this Convention or the Regulations or both at the request of not less than onethird of the Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE VI

Amendments to the Regulations

1 Any amendment to the Regulations proposed by a Contracting Party shall beconsidered in the Organization at the request of that Party.

2 If adopted by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting in the Maritime SafetyCommittee of the Organization, such amendment shall be communicated to allContracting Parties and Members of the Organization at least six months prior to itsconsideration by the Assembly of the Organization. Any Contracting Party which is not aMember of the Organization shall be entitled to participate when the amendment isconsidered by the Assembly.

3 If adopted by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting in the Assembly, theamendment shall be communicated by the Secretary-General to all Contracting Partiesfor their acceptance.

4 Such an amendment shall enter into force on a date to be determined by the Assemblyat the time of its adoption unless, by a prior date determined by the Assembly at thesame time, more than one-third of the Contracting Parties notify the Organization of theirobjection to the amendment. Determination by the Assembly of the dates referred to inthis paragraph shall be by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting.

5 On entry into force any amendment shall, for all Contracting Parties which have notobjected to the amendment, replace and supersede any previous provision to which theamendment refers.

6 The Secretary-General shall inform all Contracting Parties and Members of theOrganization of any request and communication under this Article and the date on whichany amendment enters into force.

ARTICLE VII

Denunciation

1 The present Convention may be denounced by a Contracting Party at any time after theexpiry of five years from the date on which the Convention entered into force for thatParty.

2 Denunciation shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument with the Organization.The Secretary-General shall inform all other Contracting Parties of the receipt of theinstrument of denunciation and of the date of its deposit.

3 A denunciation shall take effect one year, or such longer period as may be specified inthe instrument, after its deposit.

ARTICLE VIII

Deposit and Registration

1 The present Convention and the Regulations shall be deposited with the Organization,and the Secretary-General shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all Governmentsof states that have signed this Convention or acceded to it.

2 When the present Convention enters into force, the text shall be transmitted by theSecretary-General to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publicationin accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

ARTICLE IX

Languages

The present Convention is established, together with the Regulations, in a single copy inthe English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic. Official translationsin the Russian and Spanish languages shall be prepared and deposited with the signedoriginal.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned* being duly authorized their respectiveGovernments for that purpose have signed the present Convention.

[* Signatures omitted.]

DONE AT LONDON this twentieth day of October one thousand nine hundred andseventy-two.

PART A - GENERAL

Rule 1

Application

(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all watersconnected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.

(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made byan appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterwaysconnected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rulesshall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.

(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules madeby the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights,shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, orwith respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engagedin fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signalsshall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shapes orsignal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.

(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose ofthese Rules.

(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel ofspecial construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of theseRules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights orshapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances,such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position,range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition andcharacteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall havedetermined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect to thatvessel. MSC/Circ.1144

Rule 2

Responsibility

(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crewthereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of theneglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen,or by the special circumstances of the case.

(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to alldangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including thelimitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rulesnecessary to avoid immediate danger.

Rule 3

General Definitions (A amended paragraph (a) and a new paragraph (m) shall enter intoforce on 29 November 2003, as amended by Resolution A.919(22))

For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:

(a) The word 'vessel includes every description of water craft, including nondisplacement craft, WIG craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as ameans of transportation on water'.

(b) The term 'power-driven vessel' means any vessel propelled by machinery.

(c) The term 'sailing vessel' means any vessel under sail provided that propellingmachinery, if fitted, is not being used.

(d) The term 'vessel engaged in fishing' means any vessel fishing with nets, lines,trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not includea vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrictmanoeuvrability.

(e) The word 'seaplane' includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.

(f) The term 'vessel not under command' means a vessel which through someexceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and istherefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.

(g) The term 'vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre' means a vessel which fromthe nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by theseRules and therefore is unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.

The term 'vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre' shall include but not belimited to;

(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark,submarine cable or pipeline;

(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;

(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions orcargo while underway;

(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;

(v) a vessel engaged in mineclearance operations;

(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towingvessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.

(h) The term 'vessel constrained by her draught' means a power-driven vessel whichbecause of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water,is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.

(i) The word 'underway' means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to theshore, or aground.

(j) The words 'length' and 'breadth' of a vessel mean her length overall and greatestbreadth.

(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can beobserved visually from the other.

(l) The term 'restricted visibility' means any condition in which visibility is restricted byfog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.

(m) The term 'Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft' means a multimodal craft which, in itsmain operational mode, flies in close proximity to the surface by utilizing surfaceeffect action.

PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES

SECTION I-CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN ANY CONDITION OFVISIBILITY

Rule 4

Application

Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.

Rule 5

Look-out

Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by allavailable means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a fullappraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

Rule 6

Safe Speed

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective actionto avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances andconditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken intoaccount:

(a) By all vessels:

(i) the state of visibility;

(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;

(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turningability in the prevailing conditions;

(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatterof her own lights;

(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;

(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;

(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;

(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;

(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected byradar at an adequate range;

(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;

(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used todetermine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

Rule 7

Risk of Collision

(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances andconditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed toexist.

(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-rangescanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematicobservation of detected objects.

(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those takeninto account:

(i) Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel doesnot appreciably change;

(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident,particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vesselat close range.

Rule 8

Action to avoid Collision (A amended paragraph (a) shall enter into force on 29 November 2003, asamended by Resolution A.919(22))

(a) Any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, ifthe circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to theobservance of good seamanship.

(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision, shall, if the circumstances of the caseadmit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; asuccession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.

(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoida close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result inanother close-quarters situation.

(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safedistance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finallypast and clear.

(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken herspeed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.

(f)

(i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safepassage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, takeearly action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel.

(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is notrelieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collisionand shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required bythe Rules of this part.

(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply withthe rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involverisk of collision.

Rule 9

Narrow Channels

(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to theouter limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.

(b) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of avessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.

(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within anarrow channel or fairway.

(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of avessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use thesound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.

(e)

(i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to beovertaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtakeshall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule34(c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signalprescribed in Rule 34(c)

(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she maysound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d). (ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.

(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vesselsmay be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertnessand caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).

(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.

Rule 10

Traffic Separation Schemes

(a) This Rule Applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not relieveany vessel of her obligation under any other rule.

(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:

(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for thatlane;

(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;

(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining orleaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of trafficflow as practicable.

(c) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid crossing traffic lanes, but if obliged to do so shall cross ona heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.

(d)

(i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriatetraffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20meters in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore trafficzone.

(ii) Notwithstanding subparagraph (d) (i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when enroute to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other placesituated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.

(e) A vessel, other than a crossing vessel, or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally entera separation zone or cross a separation line except:(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger; (ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.

(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so withparticular caution.

(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas nearits terminations.

(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.

(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.

(j) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of apower-driven vessel following a traffic lane.

(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the maintenanceof safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule tothe extent necessary to carry out the operation.

(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the laying,servicing or picking up of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, is exempted fromcomplying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.

SECTION II CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER

Rule 11

Application

Rules in this Section apply to vessels in sight of one another.

Rule 12

Sailing Vessels

(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one ofthem shall keep out of the way of the other as follows;

(i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the portside shall keep out of the way of the other;

(ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keepout of the way of the vessel which is to leeward;

(iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannotdetermine with certainty whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or on thestarboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.

(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to thaton which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that onwhich the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.

Rule 13

Overtaking

(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II any vessel overtakingany other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.

(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a directionmore than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she isovertaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of hersidelights.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that thisis the case and act accordingly.

(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtakingvessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clearof the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

Rule 14

Head-on Situation

(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as toinvolve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the portside of the other.

(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead andby night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or bothsidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it doesexist and act accordingly.

Rule 15

Crossing Situation

When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has theother on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the caseadmit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

Rule 16

Action by Give-way Vessel

Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, takeearly and substantial action to keep well clear.

Rule 17

Action by Stand-on Vessel

(a)

(i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course andspeed.

(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone, assoon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way isnot taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.

(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so closethat collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such actionas will best aid to avoid collision.

(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with sub-paragraph(a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances ofthe case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.

(d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way

Rule 18

Responsibilities between Vessels (The new paragraph (f) shall enter into force on 29 November 2003, asamended by Resolution A.919(22))

Except where Rules 9, 10 and 13 otherwise require:

(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:

(i) a vessel not under command;

(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;

(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing; (iv) a sailing vessel.

(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:

(i) a vessel not under command;

(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;

(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing.

(i) a vessel not under command;

(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. (d)(i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability tomanoeuvre shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding the safepassage of a vessel constrained by her draught, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28. (ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular caution having fullregard to her special condition.

(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels and avoid impeding theirnavigation. In circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rulesof this Part. (f) (i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep well clear ofall other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation; (ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this Part as apower-driven vessel.

Section III-Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

RULE 19

Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

(a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area ofrestricted visibility.

(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditionsof restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have engines ready for immediate manoeuvre.

(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restrictedvisibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part.

(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a closequarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action inample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible thefollowing shall be avoided:

(i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vesselbeing overtaken;

(ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam. (e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel whichhears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a closequarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to the minimumat which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any eventnavigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.

PART C-LIGHTS AND SHAPES

RULE 20

Application

(a) Rules in this Part shall be complied with in all weathers.

(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from sunset to sunrise, andduring such times no other lights shall be exhibited, except such lights as cannot bemistaken for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair their visibility ordistinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper look-out.

(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be exhibited from sunriseto sunset in restricted visibility and may be exhibited in all other circumstances whenit is deemed necessary.

(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.

(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the provisions ofAnnex I to these Regulations.

Rule 21

Definitions

(a) 'Masthead light' means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of thevessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and sofixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on eitherside of the vessel.

(b) 'Sidelights' means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the portside each showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees andso fixed as to show the light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on itsrespective side. In a vessel of less than 20 meters in length the sidelights may becombined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centreline of the vessel.

(c) 'Sternlight' means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the sternshowing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed asto show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.

(d) 'Towing light' means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the'sternlight' defined in paragraph(c) of this Rule.

(e) 'All round light' means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizonof 360 degrees.

(f) 'Flashing light' means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120flashes or more per minute.

Rule 22

Visibility of Lights

The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Section 8Annex I to these Regulation so as to be visible at the following minimum ranges:

(a) In vessels of 50 metres or more in length: - a masthead light, 6 miles; - a sidelight, 3 miles; - a sternlight, 3 miles; - a towing light, 3 miles; - a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles.

(b) In vessels of 12 metres or more in length but less than 50 m in length: - a masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is less than20 meters, 3 miles; - a sidelight, 2 miles; - a sternlight, 2 miles; - a towing light, 2 miles; - a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles.

(c) In vessels of less than 12 metres in length: - a masthead light, 2 miles, - a sidelight, 1 mile,- a sternlight, 2 miles, - a towing light, 2 miles; - a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles.

(d) In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed; a white allround light, 3 miles.

Rule 23

Power-driven Vessels underway

(The new paragraph (c) shall enter into force on 29 November2003, as amended by Resolution A.919(22))

(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) a masthead light forward;

(ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward one; except thata vessel of less than 50 meters in length shall not be obliged to exhibit suchlight but may do so;

(iii) sidelights;

(iv) a sternlight.

(b) An air-cushion vessel when operating in the non-displacement mode shall, inaddition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-roundflashing yellow light.

(c) A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface shall, inaddition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit a high intensityall-round flashing red light.

(d)

(i) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 meters in length may in lieu of the lightsprescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round white light andsidelights:

(ii) a power-driven vessel of less than 7 meters in length whose maximum speeddoes not exceed 7 knots may in lieu of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-round white light and shall, if practicable, also exhibitsidelights;

(iii) the masthead light or all-round white light on a power-driven vessel of lessthan 12 meters in length may be displaced from the fore and aft centreline ofthe vessel if centreline fitting is not practicable, provided that the sidelights arecombined in one lantern which shall be carried on the fore and aft centreline ofthe vessel or located as nearly as practicable in the same fore and aft line asthe masthead light or the all-round white light.

Rule 24

Towing and Pushing

(a) A power-driven vessel when towing shall exhibit:

(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)

(ii), two masthead lights ina vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the stern of thetowing vessel to the after end of the tow exceeds 200 metres, three such lightsin a vertical line; (ii) sidelights;

(iii) a sternlight; (iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight; (v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape where it canbest be seen.

(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in acomposite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and exhibit the lightsprescribed in Rule 23.

(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead lights ina vertical line;

(ii) sidelights;

(iii) a sternlight.

(d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule applies shall alsocomply with Rule 23(a)(ii).

(e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) ofthis Rule, shall exhibit:

(i) sidelights;

(ii) a sternlight;

(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape where it canbest be seen.

(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or pushed in a groupshall be lighted as one vessel,

(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite unit, shall exhibitat the forward end, sidelights;

(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight and at the forwardend, sidelights.

(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object, or combination of suchvessels or objects being towed, shall exhibit:

(i) if it is less than 25 metres in breadth, one all-round white light at or near theforward end and one at or near the after end except that dracones need notexhibit a light at or near the forward end;

(ii) if it is 25 metres or more in breadth, two additional all-round white lights at ornear the extremities of its breadth;

(iii) if it exceeds 100 metres in length, additional all-round white lights between thelights prescribed in sub-paragraphs (i) and (ii) so that the distance between thelights shall not exceed 100 metres;

(iv) a diamond shape at or near the after most extremity of the last vessel or objectbeing towed and if the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres an additionaldiamond shape where it can best be seen and located as far forward as ispracticable.

(h) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or object beingtowed to exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures shall be taken to light the vessel or object towed or at least toindicate the presence of such vessel or object.

(i) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not normallyengaged in towing operations to display the lights prescribed in paragraph (a)or (c) of this Rule, such vessel shall not be required to exhibit those lights whenengaged in towing another vessel in distress or otherwise in need of assistance.All possible measures shall be taken to indicate the nature of the relationshipbetween the towing vessel and the vessel being towed as authorized by Rule36, in particular by illuminating the towline.

Rule 25

Sailing Vessels underway and Vessels under Oars

(a) A sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:

(i) sidelights;

(ii) a sternlight.

(b) In a sailing vessel of less than 20 metres in length the lights prescribed inparagraph (a) of this Rule may be combined in one lantern carried at or near the topof the mast where it can best be seen.

(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph(a) of this Rule, exhibit at or near the top of the mast, where they can best be seen,two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower green, butthese lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern permittedby paragraph (b) of this Rule. (d)

(i) A sailing vessel of less than 7 metres in length shall, if practicable, exhibit thelights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, sheshall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a whitelight which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.

(ii) A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule for sailingvessels, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch orlighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient timeto prevent collision.

(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shallexhibit forward where it can best be seen a conical shape, apex down wards.

Rule 26

Fishing Vessels

(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only thelights and shapes prescribed in this Rule.

(b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging through thewater of a dredge net or other apparatus used as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit:

(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the lowerwhite, or a shape consisting of two cones with their apexes together in avertical line one above the other;

(ii) a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all-round green light; a vesselof less than 50 metres in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light butmay do so;

(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed inthis paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.

(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white,or a shape consisting of two cones with apexes together in a vertical line oneabove the other;

(ii) when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres horizontallyfrom the vessel, an all-round white light or a cone apex upwards in thedirection of the gear;

(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed inthis paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.

(d) The additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations apply to a vesselengaged in fishing in close proximity to other vessels engaged in fishing.

(e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapesprescribed in this Rule, but only those prescribed for a vessel of her length.

Rule 27

Vessels not under Command or Restricted in their Ability toManoeuvre

(a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit:

(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen;

(ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen;

(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.

(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged inmineclearance operations, shall exhibit:

(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. Thehighest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall bewhite;

(ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest andlowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond;

(iii) when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, sidelightsand a sternlight in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i); (iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in subparagraphs (i) and (ii), the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.

(c) A power-driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts thetowing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course shall, in additionto the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 24(a), exhibit the lights or shapes prescribedin sub-paragraphs (b)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.

(d) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in herability to manoeuvre, shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs(b) (i),(ii) and (iii) of this Rule and shall in addition, when an obstruction exists,exhibit:

(i) two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side onwhich the obstruction exists;

(ii) two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the sideon which another vessel may pass;

(iii) when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of thelights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.

(e) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticableto exhibit all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (d) of this Rule, the followingshall be exhibited: (i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highestand lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white; (ii) a rigid replica of the International Code flag "A" not less than 1 metre in height.Measures shall be taken to ensure its all-round visibility.

(f) A vessel engaged in mineclearance operations shall in addition to the lightsprescribed for a power-driven vessel in Rule 23 or to the lights or shape prescribed fora vessel at anchor in Rule 30 as appropriate, exhibit three all-round green lights orthree balls. One of these lights or shapes shall be exhibited near the foremast headand one at each end of the fore yard. These lights or shapes indicate that it isdangerous for another vessel to approach within 1000 metres of the mineclearancevessel.

(g) Vessels of less than 12 metres in length, except those engaged in divingoperations, shall not be required to exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in thisRule.

(h) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels in distress andrequiring assistance. Such signals are contained in Annex IV to these Regulations

MSC.1/Circ.1260 - UNIFIED INTERPRETATIONS OF COLREG 1972,AS AMENDED

Rule 27(b)(i) - Vessels not under command or restricted in their ability tomanoeuvre

“Not under command” (NUC) all-round red lights (Rule 27(a)(ii)) may be used as part ofthe “Restricted Ability to Manoeuvre” (RAM) lights provided the vertical and horizontaldistances required by COLREG 1972 are complied with and the electrical system isarranged so that the all-round white light (RAM) may be switched on independently fromthe two all-round red lights (NUC).

Rule 28

Vessel constrained by their draught

A vessel constrained by her draught may, in addition to the lights prescribed forpower-driven vessels in rule 23, exhibit where they can best be seen three all-roundred lights in a vertical line, or a cylinder.

Rule 29

Pilot Vessels

(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:

(i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upperbeing white and the lower red;

(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelight and a sternlight;

(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (i), thelight, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor.

(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapesprescribed for a similar vessel of her length.

Rule 30

Anchored Vessels and Vessels aground

(a) A vessel at anchor shall exhibit where it can best be seen:

(i) in the fore part, an all-round white light or one ball;

(ii) at or near the stern and at a lower level than the light prescribed in subparagraph (i), an all-round white light

(b) A vessel of less than 50 metres in length may exhibit an all-round white lightwhere it can best be seen instead of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of thisRule.

(c) A vessel at anchor may, and a vessel of 100 metres and more in length shall, alsouse the available working or equivalent lights to illuminate her decks.

(d) A vessel aground shall exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of thisRule and in addition, where they can best be seen:

(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line;

(ii) three balls in a vertical line.

(e) A vessel of less than 7 metres in length, when at anchor, not in or near a narrowchannel, fairway or anchorage, or where other vessels normally navigate, shall not berequired to exhibit the lights or shape prescribed in paragraphs (a), (b) of this Rule. (f) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length, when aground, shall not be required toexhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (d)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.

Rule 31

Seaplanes

(This Rule shall enter into force on 29 November 2003, asamended by Resolution A.919(22))

Where it is impracticable for a seaplane or a WIG craft to exhibit lights and shapes of thecharacteristics or in the positions prescribed in the Rules of this Part she shall exhibitlights and shapes as closely similar in characteristics and position as is possible.

PART D - SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS

Rule 32

Definitions

(a) The word 'whistle' means any sound signalling appliance capable of producing theprescribed blasts and which complies with the specifications in Annex III to theseRegulations.

(b) The term 'short blast' means a blast of about one second's duration.

Rule 33

Equipment for Sound Signals

(Paragraph (a) shall enter into force on 29 November 2003, asamended by Resolution A.910(22) )

(a) A vessel of 12 metres or more in length shall be provided with a whistle, a vesselof 20 metres or more in length shall be provided with a bell in addition to a whistle,and a vessel of 100 metres or more in length shall, in addition, be provided with agong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of the bell. Thewhistle, bell and gong shall comply with the specification in Annex III to theseRegulations. The bell or gong or both may be replaced by other equipment having thesame respective sound characteristics, provided that manual sounding of the requiredsignals shall always be possible.

(b) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length shall not be obliged to carry the soundsignalling appliances prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule but if she does not, sheshall be provided with some other means of making an efficient sound signal.

Rule 34

Manoeuvring and Warning Signals

(a) When vessels are in sight of one another, a power-driven vessel underway, whenmanoeuvring as authorized or required by these Rules, shall indicate that manoeuvreby the following signals on her whistle:

- one short blast to mean 'I am altering my course to starboard ';

- two short blasts to mean 'I am altering my course to port ';

- three short blasts to mean 'I am operating astern propulsion'.

(b) Any vessel may supplement the whistle signals prescribed in paragraph (a) of thisRule by light signals, repeated as appropriate, whilst the manoeuvre is being carriedout:

(i) these light signals shall have the following significance:

- one flash to mean 'I am altering my course to starboard ';

- two flashes to mean 'I am altering my course to port ';

- three flashes to mean 'I am operating astern propulsion';

(ii) the duration of each flash shall be about one second, the interval betweenflashes shall be about one second, and the interval between successivesignals shall be not less than ten seconds;

(iii) the light used for this signals shall, if fitted, be an all-round white light, visibleat a minimum range of 5 miles and shall comply with the provisions of AnnexI to these Regulations.

(i) a vessel intending to overtake another shall in compliance with Rule 9(e) (i)indicate her intention by the following signals on her whistle :

- two prolonged blasts followed by one short blast to mean 'I intend toovertake you on your starboard side';

- two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts to mean 'I intend toovertake you on your port side';

(ii) the vessel about to be overtaken when acting in accordance with Rule 9(e)(i)shall indicate her agreement by the following signal on her whistle:

- one prolonged, one short, one prolonged and one short blast, in that order.

(d) When vessels in sight of one another are approaching each other and from anycause either vessel fails to understand the intentions or actions of the other, or is in doubt whether sufficient action is being taken by the other to avoid collision, thevessel in doubt shall immediately indicate such doubt by giving at least five short andrapid blasts on the whistle. Such signal may be supplemented by a light signal of atleast five short and rapid flashes.

(e) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a channel or fairway where other vesselsmay be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall sound one prolonged blast. Suchsignal shall be answered with a prolonged blast by any approaching vessel that maybe within hearing around the bend or behind the intervening obstruction.

(f) If whistles are fitted on a vessel at a distance apart of more than 100 metres, onewhistle only shall be used for giving manoeuvring and warning signals.

Rule 35

Sound Signals in restricted Visibility

(A new paragraph (i) shall enter into force on 29 November 2003,as amended by Resolution A.919(22))

In or near an area of restricted visibility, whether by day or night, the signalsprescribed in this Rule shall be used as follows:

(a) A power-driven vessel making way through the water shall sound at intervals ofnot more than 2 minutes one prolonged blast.

(b) A power-driven vessel underway but stopped and making no way through thewater shall sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes two prolonged blasts insuccession with an interval of about 2 seconds between them.

(c) A vessel not under command, a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, avessel constrained by her draught, a sailing vessel, a vessel engaged in fishing and avessel engaged in towing or pushing another vessel shall, instead of the signalsprescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule sound at intervals of not more than 2minutes three blasts in succession, namely one prolonged followed by two shortblasts.

(d) A vessel engaged in fishing, when at anchor, and a vessel restricted in her abilityto manoeuvre when carrying out her work at anchor, shall instead of the signalsprescribed in paragraph (g) of this Rule sound the signal prescribed in paragraph (c)of this Rule.

(e) A vessel towed or if more than one vessel is towed the last vessel of the tow, ifmanned, shall at intervals of not more than 2 minutes sound four blasts in succession,namely one prolonged followed by three short blasts. When practicable, this signalshall be made immediately after the signal made by the towing vessel.

(f) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly connected in acomposite unit they shall be regarded as a power-driven vessel and shall give thesignals prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Rule.

(g) A vessel at anchor shall at intervals of not more than one minute ring the bellrapidly for about 5 seconds. In a vessel of 100 metres or more in length the bell shallbe sounded in the forepart of the vessel and immediately after the ringing of the bellthe gong shall be sounded rapidly for about 5 seconds in the after part of the vessel. Avessel at anchor may in addition sound three blasts in succession, namely one short,one prolonged and one short blast, to give warning of her position and of thepossibility of collision to an approaching vessel.

(h) A vessel aground shall give the bell signal and if required the gone signalprescribed in paragraph (g) of this Rule and shall, in addition, give three separate anddistinct strokes on the bell immediately before and after the rapid ringing of the bell. Avessel aground may in addition sound an appropriate whistle signal.

(i) A vessel of 12 metres or more but less than 20 metres in length shall not beobliged to give the bell signals prescribed in paragraphs (g) and (h) of this Rule.However, if she does not, she shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervalsof not more than 2 minutes.

(j) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length shall not be obliged to give the abovementioned signals but, if she does not, shall make some other efficient sound signal atintervals of not more than 2 minutes.

(k) A pilot vessel when engaged on pilotage duty may in addition to the signalsprescribed in paragraphs (a), (b) or (g) of this Rule sound an identity signal consistingof four short blasts.

Rule 36

Signals to attract Attention

If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel any vessel may make light orsound signals that cannot be mistaken for any signal authorized elsewhere in theseRules, or may direct the beam of her searchlight in the direction of the danger, in sucha way as not to embarrass any vessel. Any light to attract the attention of anothervessel shall be such that it can not be mistaken for any aid to navigation. For thepurpose of this Rule the use of high intensity intermittent or revolving lights, such asstrove lights, shall be avoided.

Rule 37

Distress Signals

When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signalsdescribed in Annex IV to these Regulations.

PART E - EXEMPTIONS

Rule 38

Exemptions

Any vessel (or class of vessels) provided that she complies with the requirements ofthe International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1960, the keel of whichis laid or which is at a corresponding stage of construction before the entry into forceof these Regulations may be exempted from compliance therewith as follows:

(a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until four years afterthe date of entry into force of these Regulations.

(b) The installation of lights with colour specifications as prescribed in Section 7 ofAnnex I to these Regulations, until four years after the date of entry into force ofthese Regulations.

(c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to metric unitsand rounding off measurement figures, permanent exemption.

(d)

(i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150 meters inlength, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3(a) of Annex I to theseRegulations, permanent exemption.

(ii) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of 150 meters or more inlength, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3(a) of Annex I to theseRegulations, until nine years after the date of entry into force of theseRegulations.

(e) The repositioning of masthead lights resulting from the prescriptions of Section2(b) of Annex I to these Regulations, until nine years after the date of entry into forceof these Regulations.

(f) The repositioning of sidelights resulting from the prescriptions of Sections 2(g) and3(b) of Annex I to these Regulations, until nine years after the date of entry into forceof these Regulations.

(g) The requirements for sound signal appliances prescribed in Annex III to theseregulations, until nine years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.

(h) The repositioning of all-round lights resulting from the prescription of Section 9(b) ofAnnexI to these Regulations, permanent exemption.

PART F - Verification of compliance with the provisions of theConvention

Rule 39

(Added by Res.A.1085(28)) Definitions

(a) Audit means a systematic, independent and documented process for obtainingaudit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which auditcriteria are fulfilled.

(b) Audit Scheme means the IMO Member State Audit Scheme established by theOrganization and taking into account the guidelines developed by theOrganization*. * Refer to the Framework and Procedures for the IMO Member State Audit Scheme,adopted by the Organization by resolution A.1067(28).

(c) Code for Implementation means the IMO Instruments Implementation Code (IIICode) adopted by the Organization by resolution A.1070(28). (d) Audit Standard means the Code for Implementation.

Rule 40

(Added by Res.A.1085(28)) Application

Contracting Parties shall use the provisions of the Code for Implementation in theexecution of their obligations and responsibilities contained in the present Convention.

Rule 41

(Added by Res.A.1085(28)) Verification of compliance

(a) Every Contracting Party shall be subject to periodic audits by the Organization inaccordance with the audit standard to verify compliance with and implementation ofthe present Convention.

(b) The Secretary-General of the Organization shall have responsibility foradministering the Audit Scheme, based on the guidelines developed by theOrganization*.

(c) Every Contracting Party shall have responsibility for facilitating the conduct of theaudit and implementation of a programme of actions to address the findings, based onthe guidelines developed by the Organization*.

(d) Audit of all Contracting Parties shall be:

(i) based on an overall schedule developed by the Secretary-General of theOrganization, taking into account the guidelines developed by the Organization*;and

(ii) conducted at periodic intervals, taking into account the guidelines developed bythe Organization*.

* Refer to the Framework and Procedures for the IMO Member State Audit Scheme,adopted by the Organization by resolution A.1067(28).

ANNEX I

POSITIONING AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF LIGHTS AND SHAPES

1. Definition

The term 'height above the hull' means height above the uppermost continuous deck.This height shall be measured from the position vertically beneath the location of thelight.

2. Vertical positioning and spacing of lights

(a) On a power-driven vessel of 20 metres or more in length the masthead lights shallbe placed as follows:

(i) the forward masthead light, or if only one masthead light is carried, then thatlight, at a height above the hull of not less than 6 meters, and, if the breadth of thevessel exceeds 6 meters, then at a height above the hull not less than suchbreadth, so however that the light need not be placed at a greater height abovethe hull than 12 metres;

(ii) when two masthead lights are carried the after one shall be at least 4.5 metresvertically higher than the forward one. (

b) The vertical separation of mastheadlights of power-driven vessels shall be suchthat in all normal conditions of trim the after light will be seen over and separate fromthe forward light at a distance of 1,000 meters from the stem when viewed from sealevel.

(c) The masthead light of a power-driven vessel of 12 metres but less than 20 metresin length shall be placed at a height above the gunwale of not less than 2.5 metres.

(d) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 metres in length may carry the uppermostlight at a height of less than 2.5 metres above the gunwale. When however amasthead light is carried in addition to sidelights and a sternlight or the all-round lightprescribed in rule 23(c) (i) is carried in addition to sidelights, then such mastheadlight or all-round light shall be carried at least 1 metre higher than the sidelights.

(e) One of the two or three masthead lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel whenengaged in towing or pushing another vessel shall be placed in the same position aseither the forward masthead light or the after masthead light: provided that, if carried on the aftermast, the lowest after masthead light shall be at least 4.5 metresvertically higher than the forward masthead light.

(f)

(i) The masthead lights prescribed in Rule 23 (a) shall be so placed as to be aboveand clear of all other lights and obstructions except as described in subparagraph (ii)

(ii) When it is impracticable to carry the all-round lights prescribed by Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 below the masthead lights, they may be carried above the aftermasthead light(s) or vertically in between the forward masthead light(s) andafter masthead light(s), provided that in the latter case the requirement ofSection 3 (c) of this Annex shall be complied with.

(g) The sidelights of a power-driven vessel shall be placed at a height above the hullnot greater than three quarters of that of the forward masthead light. They shall notbe so low as to be interfered with by deck lights.

(h) The sidelights, if in a combined lantern and carried on a power-driven vessel ofless than 20 metres in length, shall be placed not less than 1 metre below themasthead light. (i) When the Rules prescribe two or three lights to be carried in a vertical line, theyshall be spaced as follows:

(i) on a vessel of 20 metres in length or more such lights shall be spaced not lessthan 2 metres apart, and the lowest of these lights shall, except where atowing light is required, be placed at a height of not less than 4 m above thehull;

(ii) on a vessel of less than 20 metres in length such lights shall be spaced not lessthan 1 metre apart and the lowest of these lights shall, except where a towinglight is required, be placed at a height of not less than 2 metres above thegunwale.

(iii) when three lights are carried they shall be equally spaced.

(j) The lower of the two all-round lights prescribed for a vessel when engaged infishing shall be at a height above the sidelights not less than twice the distancebetween the two vertical lights.

(k) The forward anchor light prescribed in Rule 30(a)(i), when two are carried, shallnot be less than 4.5 metres above the after one. On a vessel of 50 metres or more inlength this forward anchor light shall be placed at a height of not less than 6 metresabove the hull.

3. Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights

(a) When two masthead lights are prescribed for a power-driven vessel, the horizontaldistance between them shall not be less than one half of the length of the vessel butneed not be more than 100 m. The forward light shall be placed not more than onequarter of the length of the vessel from the stem.

(b) On a power-driven vessel of 20 m or more in length the sidelights shall not beplaced in front of the forward masthead lights. They shall be placed at or near the sideof the vessel.

(Refer to IACS UI COLREG3)

(c) When the lights prescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) or Rule 28 are placed verticallybetween the forward masthead light(s) and the after masthead light(s) these all-roundlights shall be placed at a horizontal distance of not less than 2 m from the fore andafter centreline of the vessel in the athwartship direction.

(d) When only one masthead light is prescribed for a power driven vessel, this lightshall be exhibited forward of amidships; except that a vessel of less than 20 m inlength need not exhibit this light forward of amidships but shall exhibit it as farforward as is practicable.

MSC.1/Circ.1260 - UNIFIED INTERPRETATIONS OF COLREG 1972,AS AMENDED

Annex I, section 3(b) - Horizontal positioning and spacing of lights

The term “near the side” is interpreted as being a distance of not more than 10% ofthe breadth of the vessel inboard from the side, up to a maximum of 1 metre. Wherethe application of above requirement is impractical (e.g., small ships withsuperstructure of reduced width) exemption may be given on the basis of the FlagAuthority acceptance.

4. Details of location of direction-indicating lights for fishingvessels, dredgers and vessels engaged in underwater operations

(a) The light indicating the direction of the outlying gear from a vessel engaged infishing as prescribed in Rule 26(c)(ii) shall be placed at a horizontal distance of notless than 2 metres and not more than 6 metres away from the two all-round red andwhite lights. This light shall be placed not higher than the all-round white lightprescribed in Rule 26(c)(i) and not lower than the sidelights.

(b) The lights and shapes on a vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operationsto indicate the obstructed side and/or the side on which it is safe to pass, asprescribed in Rule 27(d)(i) and (ii), shall be placed at the maximum practicalhorizontal distance, but in no case less than 2 metres, from the lights or shapesprescribed in Rule 27(b)(i) and (ii). In no case shall the upper of these lights orshapes be at a greater height than the lower of the three lights or shapes prescribedin Rule 27(b)(i) and (ii).

5. Screens for sidelights The sidelights of vessels of 20 metres or more in length shall be fitted with inboardscreens painted matt black, and meeting the requirements of Section 9 of this Annex.On vessels of less than 20metres in length the sidelights, if necessary to meet therequirements of Section 9 of this Annex, shall be fitted with inboard matt blackscreens. With a combined lantern, using a single vertical filament and a very narrowdivision between the green and red sections, external screens need not be fitted.

6. Shapes

(a) Shapes shall be black and of the following sizes:

(i) a ball shall have a diameter of not less than 0.6 metre;

(ii) a cone shall have a base diameter of not less than 0.6 metre and a height equalto its diameter;

(iii) a cylinder shall have a diameter of at least 0.6 metre and a height of twice itsdiameter; (iv) a diamond shape shall consist of two cones as defined in (ii) above having acommon base.

(b) The vertical distance between shapes shall be at least 1.5 metres.

(c) In a vessel of less than 20 metres in length shapes of lesser dimensions butcommensurate with the size of the vessel may be used and the distance apart may becorrespondingly reduced.

7. Colour specification of lights

The chromaticity of all navigation lights shall conform to the following standards,which lie within the boundaries of the area of the diagram specified for each colour bythe International Commission on Illumination (CIE).

The boundaries of the area for each colour are given by indicating the corner coordinates, which are as follows;

(i) White

x 0.525 0.525 0.452 0.310 0.310 0.443

y 0.382 0.440 0.440 0.348 0.283 0.382

(ii) Green

x 0.028 0.009 0.300 0.203

y 0.385 0.723 0.511 0.356

(iii) Red

x 0.680 0.660 0.735 0.721

y 0.320 0.320 0.265 0.259

(iv) Yellow

x 0.612 0.618 0.575 0.575

y 0.382 0.382 0.425 0.406

8. Intensity of lights

(a) The minimum luminous intensity of lights shall be calculated by using the formula:

I = 3.43 X 106 X T X D2 X K-D

where I is luminous intensity in candelas under service conditions,

T is threshold factor 2×10-7 lux,

D is range of visibility (luminous range) of the light in nautical miles,

K is atmospheric transmissivity.

For prescribed lights the value of K shall be 0.8, corresponding to a meteorologicalvisibility of approximately 13 nautical miles.

(b) A selection of figures derived from the formula is given in the following table:

Range of visibility (luminous range) of light innautical miles Luminous intensity of light in candelasfor K = 0.8 D I 123456 0.9 4.3 12 27 52 94 NOTE: The maximum luminous intensity of navigation lights should be limited to avoidundue glare. This shall not be achieved by a variable control of the luminous intensity.

9. Horizontal sectors

(a)

(i) In the forward direction, sidelights as fitted on the vessel shall show theminimum required intensities. The intensities must decrease to reach practicalcut-off between 1 degree and 3 degrees outside the prescribed sectors.

(ii) For sternlights and masthead lights and at 22.5 degrees abaft the beam forsidelights, the minimum required intensities shall be maintained over the arc ofthe horizon up to 5 degrees within the limits of the sectors prescribed in Rule21. From 5 degrees within the prescribed sectors the intensity may decrease by50 percent up to the prescribed limits; it shall decrease steadily to reachpractical cut-off at not more than 5 degrees outside the prescribed sectors.

(b)

(i) All-round lights shall be so located as not to be obscured by masts, topmasts orstructures within angular sectors of more than 6 degrees, except anchor lightsprescribed in Rule 30, which need not be placed at an impracticable heightabove the hull.

(ii) If it is impracticable to comply with paragraph (b)(i) of this section byexhibiting only one all-round light, two all-round lights shall be used suitablypositioned or screened so that they appear, as far as practicable, as one lightat a distance of one mile.

MSC.1/Circ.1260/Rev.1 - UNIFIED INTERPRETATIONS OF COLREG1972, AS AMENDED

Annex I, section 9(b) - Horizontal sectors

1 In order to comply with the one (1) mile requirement in 9(b)(ii), the screening ofeach all-round light shall be as follows:

θ2 ≤ 360 - θ1

where

θ1 : Screened angle of one all-round light

θ2 : Screened angle of the other all-round light

2 Screenings details and the arrangement of obstacles are to be considered whencarrying out the drawing approval process.

10. Vertical sectors

(a) The vertical sectors of electric lights as fitted, with the exception of lights onsailing vessels underway shall ensure that:

(i) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5degrees above to 5 degrees below the horizontal;

(ii) at least 60 per cent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 7.5degrees above to 7.5 degrees below the horizontal.

(b) In the case of sailing vessels underway the vertical sectors of electric lights asfitted shall ensure that:

(i) at least the required minimum intensity is maintained at all angles from 5degrees above to 5 degrees below the horizontal;

(ii) at least 50 per cent of the required minimum intensity is maintained from 25degrees above to 25 degrees below the horizontal.

11. Intensity of non-electric lights

Non-electric lights shall so far as practicable comply with the minimum intensities, asspecified in the Table given in Section 8 of this Annex.

12. Manoeuvring light

Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 (f) of this Annex the manoeuvring lightdescribed in Rule 34(b) shall be placed in the same fore and aft vertical plane as themasthead light or lights and, where practicable, at a minimum height of 2 metresvertically above the forward masthead light, provided that it shall be carried not lessthan 2 meters vertically above or below the after masthead light. On a vessel whereonly one masthead light is carried the manoeuvring light, if fitted, shall be carriedwhere it can best be seen, not less than 2 metres vertically apart from the mastheadlight.

13. High Speed Craft*

(This section shall enter into force on 29 November 2003 byResolution A.910(22))

* Refer to the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft, 1994 and theInternational Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft, 2000.

(a) The masthead light of high-speed craft may be placed at a height related to thebreadth of the craft lower than that prescribed in paragraph 2(a)(i) of this annex,provided that the base angle of the isosceles triangles formed by the sidelights andmasthead light, when seen in end elevation, is not less than 27 degrees.

(b) On high-speed craft of 50 metres or more in length, the vertical separationbetween foremast and mainmast light of 4.5 metres required by paragraph 2(a)(ii) of this annex may be modified provided that such distance shall not be less than thevalue determined by the following formula:

where:

y is the height of the mainmast light above the fore mast light in metres;

a is the height of the foremast light above the water surface in service conditionin metres;

Ψ is the trim in service condition in degrees;

C is the horizontal separation of masthead lights in metres.

14. Approval

The construction of lanterns and shapes and the installation of lanterns on board thevessel shall be to the satisfaction of the appropriate authority of the State whose flag thevessel is entitled to fly.

ANNEX II

ADDITIONAL SIGNALS FOR FISHING VESSELS FISHING IN CLOSEPROXIMITY

1. General

The lights mentioned herein shall, if exhibited in pursuance of Rule 26(d), be placedwhere they can best be seen. They shall be at least 0.9 metre apart but at a lowerlevel than lights prescribed in Rule 26(b)(i) and (c)(i). The lights shall be visible allround the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile but at a lesser distance than thelights prescribed by these Rules for fishing vessels.

2. Signals for trawlers

(a) Vessels of 20 m of more in length when engaged in trawling, whether usingdemersal or pelagic gear shall exhibit:

(i) when shooting their nets : two white lights in a vertical line;

(ii) when hauling their nets : one white light over one red light in a vertical line;

(iii) when the net has come fast upon an obstruction : two red lights in a verticalline.

(b) Each vessel of 20 m or more in length engaged in pair trawling shall exhibit :

(i) by night, a searchlight directed forward and in the direction of the other vesselof the pair;

(ii) when shooting or hauling their nets or when their nets have come fast upon anobstruction, the lights prescribed in 2(a) above.

(c) A vessel of less than 20 m in length engaged in trawling, whether using demersalor pelagic gear or engaged in pair trawling, may exhibit the lights prescribed inparagraphs (a) or (b) of this section, as appropriate.

3. Signals for purse seiners

Vessels engaged in fishing with purse seine gear may exhibit two yellow lights in avertical line. These lights shall flash alternately every second and with equal light andoccultation duration. These lights may be exhibited only when the vessel is hampered byits fishing gear.

ANNEX III

TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SOUND SIGNAL APPLIANCES

1. Whistles

(The subparagraphs (a) and (c) shall enter into force on 29November 2003, as amended by Resolution A.910(22))

(a) Frequencies and range of audibility.

The fundamental frequency of the signal shall lie within the range 70-700Hz. Therange of audibility of the signal from a whistle shall be determined by thosefrequencies, which may include the fundamental and/or one or more higherfrequencies, which lie within the range 180-700Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of 20 metresor more in length, or 180-2100Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of less than 20 metres inlength and which provide the sound pressure levels specified in paragraph 1(c) below.

(b) Limits of fundamental frequencies.

To ensure a wide variety of whistle characteristics, the fundamental frequency of awhistle shall be between the following limits :

(i) 70 - 200 Hz, for a vessel 200 metres or more in length;

(ii) 130 - 350 Hz, for a vessel 75 metres but less than 200 metres in length;

(iii) 250 - 700 Hz, for a vessel less than 75 metres in length.

A whistle fitted in a vessel shall provide, in the direction of maximum. intensity of thewhistle and at a distance of 1 metre from it, a sound pressure level in at least one1/3rd-octave band within the range of frequencies 180-700Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of20 metres or more in length, or 180-2100Hz (+/-1%) for a vessel of less than 20metres in length, of not less than the appropriate figure given in the table below.

* When the measured frequencies lie within the range 180-450Hz

** When the measured frequencies lie within the range 450-800Hz

*** When the measure frequencies lie within the range 800-2100Hz

(d) Directional properties.

The sound pressure level of a directional whistle shall be not more than 4 dB belowthe prescribed sound pressure level on the axis at any direction in the horizontal planewithin ±45 degrees of the axis. The sound pressure level at any other direction in thehorizontal plane shall be not more than 10 dB below the prescribed sound pressurelevel on the axis, so that the range in any direction will be at least half the range onthe forward axis. The sound pressure level shall be measured in that 1/3rd-octaveband which determines the audibility range.

(e) Positioning of whistles.

When a directional whistle is to be used as the only whistle on a vessel, it shall beinstalled with its maximum intensity directed straight ahead.

A whistle shall be placed as high as practicable on a vessel, in order to reduceinterception of the emitted sound by obstructions and also to minimize hearingdamage risk to personnel. The sound pressure level of the vessel's own signal atlistening posts shall not exceed 110 dB (A) and so far as practicable should not exceed100 dB (A).

(f) Fitting of more than one whistle.

If whistles are fitted at a distance apart of more than 100 m, it shall be so arrangedthat they are not sounded simultaneously.

(g) Combined whistle systems.

If due to the presence of obstructions the sound field of a single whistle or of one ofthe whistles referred to in paragraph 1(f) above is likely to have a zone of greatlyreduced signal level, it is recommended that a combined whistle system be fitted soas to overcome this reduction. For the purposes of the Rules a combined whistle system is to be regarded as a single whistle. The whistles of a combined system shallbe located at a distance apart of not more than 100metres and arranged to besounded simultaneously. The frequency of any one whistle shall differ from those ofthe others by at least 10 Hz

2 Bell or gong

(The subparagraph (b) shall enter into force on 29 November2003, as amended by Resolution A.919(22))

(a) Intensity of signal

A bell or gong, or other device having similar sound characteristics shall produce asound pressure level of not less than 110 dB at a distance of 1 metre from it.

(b) Construction

Bells and gongs shall be made of corrosion-resistant material and designed to give aclear tone. The diameter of the mouth of the bell shall be not less than 300 mm forvessels of 20 metres or more in length. Where practicable, a power-driven bell strikeris recommended to ensure constant force but manual operation shall be possible. Themass of the striker shall be not less than 3 per cent of the mass of the bell.

3. Approvals

The construction of sound signal appliances, their performance and their installation onboard the vessel shall be to the satisfaction of the appropriate authority of the Statewhose flag the vessel is entitled to fly.

ANNEX IV

DISTRESS SIGNALS

1. The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distressand need of assistance :

(a) a gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute;

(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus;

(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting ofthe group …---… (SOS) in the Morse Code;

(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word "Mayday";

(f) the International Code Signal of distress indicated by N. C.;

(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anythingresembling a ball;

(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);

(i) a rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light;

(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke;

(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side;

(l) the radiotelegraph alarm signal;

(m) the radiotelephone alarm signal;

(n) signals transmitted by emergency position-indicating radio beacons.

(o) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunication systems, including survivalcraft radar transponders.

2. The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals except for the purpose ofindicating distress and need of assistance and the use of other signals which may beconfused with any of the above signals is prohibited.

3. Attention is drawn to the relevant sections of the International Code of Signals, theMerchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual and the following signals:

(a) a piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and circle or otherappropriate symbol (for identification from the air);

(b) a dye marker.

Annex IV

Distress signals

1 The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distressand need of assistance:

(a) a gun or other explosive signals fired at intervals of about a minute;

(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus;

(d) a signal made by any signalling method consisting of the group ... --- ... (SOS) inthe Morse Code;

(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word “MAYDAY”;

(f) the International Code Signal of distress indicated by N.C.;

(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anythingresembling a ball;

(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);

(i) a rocket parachute flare or a hand-flare showing a red light;

(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke;

(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side;

(l) a distress alert by means of digital selective calling (DSC) transmitted on:

(i) VHF channel 70, or

(ii) MF/HF on the frequencies 2187.5 kHz, 8414.5 kHz, 4207.5 kHz, 6312 kHz,12577 kHz or 16804.5 kHz;

(m) a ship-to-shore distress alert transmitted by the ship’s Inmarsat or other mobilesatellite service provider ship earth station;

(n) signals transmitted by emergency position-indicating radio beacons;(o) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunications systems, including survivalcraft radar transponders.

2 The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals, except for the purpose ofindicating distress and need of assistance and the use of other signals which may beconfused with any of the above signals, is prohibited.

3 Attention is drawn to the relevant sections of the International Code of Signals, theInternational Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual, Volume III and thefollowing signals:

(a) a piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and circle or otherappropriate symbol (for identification from the air);

(b) a dye marker.

IMO RECOMMENDATION ON NAVIGATIONAL WATCHKEEPING

SECTION 1

Basic principles to be Observed in Keeping a Navigational Watch

[Introduction]

1. The master of every ship is bound to ensure that the watchkeeping arrangementsare adequate for maintaining a safe navigational watch. Under his general direction,the officers of the watch are responsible for navigating the ship safely during theirperiods of duty when they will be particularly concerned to avoid collision andstranding.

2. This Section includes the basic principles which shall at least be taken into accountby all ships.

[Watch arrangements]

3. The composition of the watch, including the requirement for lookout(s), shall at alltimes be adequate and appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.

4. When deciding the composition of the watch on the bridge the following points areamong those to be taken into account :

(a) at no time shall the bridge be left unattended;

(b) the weather conditions, visibility and whether there is daylight or darkness;

(c) the proximity of navigational hazards which may make it necessary for theofficer in charge to carry out additional navigational duties;

(d) the use and operational condition of navigational aids such as radar orelectronic position-indicating devices and any other equipment affecting the safenavigation of the ship;

(e) whether the ship is fitted with automatic steering;

(f) any additional demands on the navigational watch that may arise as a result ofspecial operational circumstances.

[Fitness for duty]

5. The watch system shall be such that the efficiency of the watch-keeping membersof the crew is not impaired by fatigue. Accordingly the duties shall be so organisedthat the first watch at the commencement of a voyage and the subsequent relievingwatches are sufficiently rested and otherwise fit when going on duty.

[Navigation]

6. The intended voyage shall be planned in advance taking into consideration allpertinent information and any course laid down shall be checked.

7. On taking over the watch the ship's estimated or true position, intended track,course and speed shall be confirmed; any navigational hazard expected to beencountered during the watch shall be noted.

8. During the watch the course steered, position and speed shall be checked atsufficiently frequent intervals using any available navigational aids necessary toensure that the ship follows the planned course.

9. The safety and navigational equipment with which the ship is provided and themanner of its operation shall be clearly understood; in addition its operationalcondition shall be fully taken into account.

10. Whoever is in charge of a navigational watch shall not be as-signed or undertakeany duties which would interfere with the safe navigation of the ship.

[Look-out ]

11. Every ship shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing aswell as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances andconditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision,stranding and other hazards to navigation. Additionally, the duties of the look-outshall include the detection of ships or aircraft in distress, shipwrecked persons, wrecksand debris. In applying these principles the following shall be observed:

(a) whoever is keeping a look-out must be able to give full attention to the taskand no duties shall be assigned or undertaken which would interfere with thekeeping of a proper look-out,

(b) the duties of the Person on look-out and helmsman are separate and thehelmsman should not be considered the Person on look-out while steering; exceptin small vessels where an unobstructed all round view is provided at the steeringposition and there is no impairment of night vision or other impediment to thekeeping of a proper look-out;

(c) there may be circumstances in which the officer of the watch can safely be thesole look-out in daylight. However, this practice shall only be followed after thesituation has been carefully assessed on each occasion and it has been establishedwithout doubt that it is safe to do so. Full account shall be taken of all relevantfactors including but not limited to the state of weather, conditions of visibility,traffic density, proximity of navigational hazards and if navigating in or near atraffic separation scheme. 'Assistance must be summoned to the bridge when anychange in the situation necessitates this and such assistance must be immediatelyavailable.’

[ Navigation with Pilot embarked ]

12. Despite the duties and obligations of a pilot, his presence on board does notrelieve the master or officer in charge of the watch from their duties and obligationsfor the safety of the ship. The master and the pilot shall exchange informationregarding navigation procedures, locale conditions and the ship's characteristics.

[ Protection of the marine environment ]

13. The master and officer in charge of the watch shall be aware of the serious effectsof operational or accidental pollution of the marine environment and shall take allpossible precautions to prevent such pollution particularly within the existingframework of existing international regulations.

SECTION II

Operational Guidance for Officers in charge of a NavigationalWatch

[ Introduction ]

1. This Section contains operational guidance of general application for officers incharge of a navigational watch, which masters are expected to supplement asappropriate. It is essential that officers of the watch appreciate that the efficientperformance of their duties is necessary in the interest of safety of life and property atsea and the avoidance of pollution of the marine environment.

[ General ]

2. The officer of the watch is the master's representative and his primaryresponsibility at all times is the safe navigation of the vessel. He must at all times comply with the applicable regulations for preventing collisions at sea(see alsoparagraphs 23 and 24).

3. The officer of the watch should keep his watch on the bridge which he should in nocircumstances leave until properly relived. It is of especial importance that at all timesthe officer of the watch ensures that an efficient look-out is maintained. In a vesselwith separate chart room the officer of the watch may visit this, when essential, for ashort period for the necessary performance of his navigational duties, but he shouldpreviously satisfy himself that it is safe to do so and ensure that an efficient look-outmaintained.

4. There may be circumstances in which the officer of the watch can safely be the solelook-out in daylight. However, this practice shall only be followed after the situationhas been carefully assessed on each occasion and it has been established withoutdoubt that it is safe to do so. Full account shall be taken of all relevant factorsincluding but not limited to the state of weather, conditions of visibility, traffic density,proximity of navigational hazards and if navigating in or near a traffic separationscheme. When the officer of the watch is acting as the sole look-out he must nothesitate to summon assistance to the bridge, and when for any reason he is unable togive his undivided attention to the look-out such assistance must be immediatelyavailable.

5. The officer of the watch should bear in mind that the engines are at his disposaland he should not hesitate to use them in case of need. However, timely notice ofintended variations of engine speed should be given when possible. He should also keep prominently in mind the manoeuvring capabilities of his ship including itsstopping distance.

6. The officer of the watch should also bear in mind that the sound signallingapparatus is at his disposal and he should not hesitate to use it in accordance with theapplicable regulations for preventing collisions at sea.

7. The officer of the watch continues to be responsible for the safe navigation of thevessel despite the presence of the master on the bridge until the master informs himspecifically that he has assumed responsibility and this is mutually understood.

[ Taking over the watch ]

8. The officer of the watch should not hand over the watch to the relieving officer if hehas any reason to believe that the latter is apparently under any disability whichwould preclude him from carrying out his duties effectively. If in doubt, the officer ofthe watch should inform the master accordingly. The relieving officer of watch should ensure that members of his watch are apparently fully capable of performing theirduties and in particular the adjustment to night vision.

9. The relieving officer should not take over the watch until his vision is fully adjustedto the light conditions and he has personally satisfied himself regarding :

(a) standing orders and other special instructions of the master relating to thenavigation of the vessel;

(b) the position, course, speed and draught of the vessel;

(d) the navigational situation including but not limited to the following :

(i) the operational condition of all navigational and safety equipment being usedor likely to be used during the watch;

(ii) errors of gyro and magnetic compasses;

(iii) the presence and movement of vessels in sight or known to be in thevicinity;

(iv) conditions and hazards likely to be encountered during his watch;

(v) the possible effects of heel, trim, water density and squat on underkeelclearance.

10. If at the time the officer of the watch is to be relieved a manoeuvre or other actionto avoid any hazard is taking place, the relief of the officer should be deferred until such action is completed.

[ Periodic checks of navigational equipment ]

11. The officer of the watch should make regular checks to ensure that:

(a) the helmsman or the automatic pilot is steering the correct couse;

(b) the standard compass error is established at least once a watch and whenpossible, after any major alteration of course. The standard and the gyrocompasses should be frequently compared; repeaters should be synchronised withtheir master compass;

(d) the navigation and signal lights and other navigational equipment arefunctioning properly.

[ Automatic pilot ]

12. Officers of the watch should bear in mind the need to station the helmsman and toput the steering into manual control in good time to allow any potentially hazardoussituation to be dealt with in a safe manner. With a vessel under automatic steering itis highly dangerous to allow a situation to develop to the point where the officer of thewatch is without assistance and has to break the continuity of the look-out in order totake emergency action. The change over from automatic to manual steering and viceversa should be made by, or under the supervision of, a responsible officer.

[ Electronic navigational aids ]

13. The officer of the watch should be thoroughly familiar with the use of electronicnavigational aids carried, including their capabilities and limitations.

[ Echo-sounder ]

14. The echo-sounder is a valuable navigational aid and should be used wheneverappropriate.

[ Navigational records ]

15. A proper record of the movements and activities of the vessel should be keptduring the watch.

[ Radar ]

16. The officer of the watch should use the radar when appropriate and wheneverrestricted visibility is encountered or expected and at all times in congested watershaving due regard to its limitations.

17. Whenever radar is in use, the officer of the watch should select an appropriaterange scale, observe the display carefully and plot effectively.

18. The officer of the watch should ensure that range scales employed are changed atsufficiently frequent intervals so that echoes are detected as early as possible and thatsmall or poor echoes do not escape detection.

19. The officer of the watch should ensure that plotting or systematic analysis iscommenced in ample time, remembering the sufficient time can be made available byreducing speed if necessary.

20. In clear weather, whenever possible, the officer of the watch should carry outradar practice.

[ Navigation in coastal waters ]

21. The largest scale chart on board, suitable for the area and corrected with thelatest available information. should be used. Fixes should be taken at frequentintervals;whenever circumstances allow. fixing should be carried out by more thanone method

22. The officer of the watch should positively identify all relevant navigation marks

[ Clear weather ]

23. The officer of the watch should take frequent and accurate compass bearings of aapproaching vessel as a means of early detection of risk of collision; such risk maysometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularlywhen approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at closerange. He should also take early and positive action in compliance with the applicableregulations for preventing collisions at sea and subsequently check that such action ishaving the desired effect.

[ Restricted visibility ]

24. When restricted visibility is encountered or suspected, the first responsibility of theofficer of the watch is to comply with the relevant rules of the applicable regulationsfor preventing collisions at sea, with particular regard to the sounding of fog signals,proceeding at a moderate speed and he shall have the engines ready for immediatemaneouveres. In addition, he should :

(a) inform the master (see paragraph 25);

(b) post look-out(s) and helmsman and, in congested waters, revert to handsteering immediately;

(d) operate and use the radar.It is important that the officer of the watch should have the manoeuvring capabilitiesincluding the 'stopping distance' of his own vessel prominently in mind.

[ Calling the master ]

25. The officer of the watch should notify the master immediately under the followingcircumstances :

(a) if restricted visibility is encountered or suspected;

(b) if the traffic conditions or the movements of other vessels are causing concern;

(d) on failure to sight land, a navigation mark or to obtain soundings by theexpected time;

(e) if land or a navigation mark is sighted or a change in soundings occursunexpectedly;

(f) on the breakdown of the engines, steering gear or any essential navigationalequipment :

(g) in heavy weather if in any doubt about the possibility of weather damage;

(h) in any other emergency or situation in which he is in any doubt. Despite therequirement to notify the master immediately in the foregoing circumstances, theofficer of the watch should in addition not hesitate to take immediate action for thesafety of the ship. where circumstances so require.

[ Navigation with pilot embarked ]

26. Despite the duties and obligations of a pilot, his presence on board does notrelieve the officer of the watch from his duties and obligations for the safety of theship. He should co-operate closely with the pilot and maintain an accurate check onthe vessel's positions and movements. If he is in any doubt as to the pilot's actions orintentions, he should seek clarification from the pilot and if doubt still exists he shouldnotify the master immediately and take whatever action is necessary before themaster arrives.

[ The watchkeeping personnel ]

27. The officer of the watch should give the watchkeeping personnel all appropriateinstructions and information which will ensure the keeping of a safe watch including anappropriate look-out.

[ Ship at anchor ]

28. If the master considers it necessary a continuous navigational watch should bemaintained. In all circumstances, however, the officer of the watch should :

(a) determine and plot the ship's position on appropriate chart as soon aspracticable and at sufficiently frequent intervals check when circumstances permit,by taking bearings of fixed navigational marks or readily identifiable shore objects,whether the ship is remaining securely at anchor;

(b) ensure that and efficient look-out is maintained;

(d) observe meteorological and tidal conditions and the state of the sea;

(e) notify the master and undertake all necessary measures if the vessel drags theanchor;

(f) ensure that the state of readiness of the main engines and other machinery is inaccordance with the master's instructions;

(s) if visibility deteriorates notify the master and comply with the applicableregulations for, preventing collisions at sea;

(h) ensure that the vessel exhibits the appropriate lights and shapes and thatappropriate sound signals are made at all times;

(i) take measures to protect the environment from pollution by the ship and complywith the applicable pollution regulations.